US Department of State: Support for Colombia
State releases, fact sheets, and press statement on the U.S. State Department's website regarding Plan Colombia

USAID: Colombia
United States Agency for International Development Colombia site with links to program information, country information, information networks, and multilateral donors

Abeyratne, R. I. R. International Initiatives at Controlling the Illicit Transportation of Narcotic Drugs by Air. Journal of Air Law and Commerce 63:289-403 November-December 1997.
Discusses the efforts of the international community, both through the United Nations and the International Civil Aviation Organization, towards controlling the problem of narcotic drug trafficking. Includes a brief history of the drug trade.

Arnson, Cynthia J. "The Peace Process in Colombia and U.S. Policy," (March 26, 27, 2001).
Available at: http://www.nd.edu/~kellogg/pdfs/Arnson.pdf

Bagley, Bruce Michael. "US Foreign Policy and the War on Drugs: Analysis of a Policy Failure." Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs. 30: 2/3 (Special Issue: Assessing the Americas' War on Drugs). 1988: 189-212.
Available online: subscription or university password may be required

Beers, Rand (Assistant Secretary for International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs). "Andean Regional Initiative," Testimony before the Senate Committee on Appropriations Subcommittee on Foreign Operations; Washington, DC (July 11, 2001).
Available at: http://www.state.gov/g/inl/rls/rm/2001/jun_aug/4054.htm

Bergantz, Joseph L. Military Support of the National Drug Control Strategy. Military Review 67-72:72 June 1992.

Bertram, Eva and Sharpe Kenneth. The Unwinnable Drug War: What Clausewitz Would Tell Us. World Policy Journal 13:41-51 Winter 1996-1997.
Authors argue that the US's drug-war strategy reflects both a failure to identify a clear political objective and military mission, and the use of inappropriate means--coercion and force--to reduce supply.

Bishop, Kenneth W. "The National Drug Control Strategy Effectiveness of Eradication in Colombia," U.S. Army War College, Carlisle Barracks, PA (2003).
Available at (8-27-2004): http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA413448

Bradford, David G. Planning for Victory in the Drug War. Military Review 74:15-24 October 1994.

Brown, Raymond J. Lessons Learned from the Marijuana War. U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings 123:30-33 December 1997.
After ten years of concerted effort, by 1990 the Coast Guard vitually had shut down the trade of marijuana by sea. We did many things right. We could have done some things better."

Casey, Michael. The Danger of Relying on the Military to Fight the Drug War. Soldier-Scholar 2:24-32 Summer 1996.

Clinton, William J. Memorandum on Counternarcotics Assistance to Certain Latin American and Eastern Caribbean Countries. Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents 33:1469 October 6, 1997.

Corr, Edwin G. y David C. Miller, Jr., "United States Government Organization and Capability to Deal with Low-Intensity Conflict," en Edwin G. Corr and Stephen Sloan, eds., Low-Intensity Conflicts. Old Threats in a New World, Boulder: Westview Press, 1992, pp. 17-45.

Crandall, Russell, "The Eagle and the Snowman: U.S. Policy Toward Colombia during the Presidential Administration of Ernesto Samper (1994-1998)," doctoral dissertation, The Johns Hopkins University (2000).

DEA. "Drugs and Terrorism. A New Perspective," (September, 2002).
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DEA. "Changing Dynamics of Cocaine Production in the Andean Region," (June, 2002).
Available at: http://www.usdoj.gov/dea/pubs/intel/02033/02033.html

DEA. "The Drug Trade in Colombia: A Threat Assessment," (March, 2002).

Dear Mr. President: U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings 124:44-46 April 1998.
An open letter to President Clinton from the officers and crew of the Coast Guard ship Persistent, offering their view of US policies affecting their drug-interdiction mission and what needs to be done to improve it.

Evers, Stacey. USA Treads a Fine Line Over Counternarcotics Operations. Jane's Defence Weekly 28:33+ September 10 1997.
Suspension of Marine Corps patrols along the US-Mexican border points to the need for a change in approach for US anti-drug operations.

Filippone, Robert. Medellin Cartel: Why We Can't Win the Drug War. Studies in Conflict and Terrorism 17:323-344 October-December 1994.

Ford, Jess T. "Challenges in Implementing Plan Colombia," General Accounting Office, statement to U.S. Congress subcommittee on the fiscal impact of U.S. policy (October 12, 2000)
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Franco, Andrés, "La cooperación fragmentada como una nueva forma de diplomacia: Las relaciones entre Colombia y Estados Unidos en los noventa," en Andrés Franco, ed., Estados Unidos y los países andinos, 1993-1997. Poder y desintegración, Bogotá: CEJA, 1998: 37-80.

Gallón, Gustavo, "Diplomacia y derechos humanos: Entre la inserción y el aislamiento," en Socorro Ramírez y Luis Alberto Restrepo, coords., Colombia: Entre la inserción y el aislamiento, Bogotá: Siglo del Hombre Editores-IEPRI, 1997, pp. 202-231.

General Accounting Office, "Drug Control. Challenges Implementing Plan Colombia", GAO-01-76T, October12, 2000.

Griffith, Ivelaw L. Caribbean Geopolitics and Geonarcotics: New Dynamics, Same Old Dilemma. Naval War College Review 51:47-67 Spring 1998.
Includes discussion of U.S. military presence in the region.
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Grossman, Marc (Under Secretary for Political Affairs). "Testimony on U.S. Assistance to Colombia and the Andean Region," House Appropriations Committee's Subcommittee on Foreign Operations, Washington DC (April 10, 2002).
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Harding, Steve. Guarding Against Drugs in the Golden State: The California National Guard is Helping Local, State and Federal Agencies Stop the Flow of Illegal Drugs into the State. Soldiers:20-37 November 1997.

Harmon, Robert E. (LtCol) and others. Counterdrug Assistance: The Number One Priority. Military Review 73:26-35 March 1993.

Hasenauer, Heike. Florida's War on Drugs. Soldiers 51:13-17 May 1996.

Heun, Christopher. Global Cop Urges Limited Military Role in Drug War. National Defense 81:30-31 March 1997.

Hewish, Mark. Security Systems Closing the Gap: Better Surveillance is Creating More Secure Borders. International Defense Review 29:49-50+ (June 1996).

Human Rights Watch, Colombia's Killer Networks. "The Military-Paramilitary Partnership and the United States," Human Rights Watch, Washington, D.C. (1996).

Isacson, Adam. "Washington's 'New War' in Colombia," NACLA Report on the Americas, 36, 5, (2003).

Isacson, Adam. "Getting in Deeper: The United States Growing Involvement in Colombia's Conflict," International Policy Report, Center for International Policy, Washington, D.C. (February, 2000).

Katz-Stone, Adam. Coast Guard Steps Up Drug War in Gulf. Navy Times 46:20 (April 21 1997).

Kirk, Robin, Human Rights Watch. "The Duty to Danger: Human Rights, Colombia, and America's War on Drugs."
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Kitfield, James. War at Home (the military's growing involvement in the domestic war on drugs). Government Executive 25:10-15 (December 1993).

Klepak, Harold. The Use of the Military and the Illicit Drugs Trade. Jane's Intelligence Review 4:521-524 November 1992.

Kraska, James C. Counterdrug Operations in U. S. Pacific Command. Joint Force Quarterly No. 17:81-85 Autumn-Winter 1997-98.
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LaFranchi, Howard. Taking Drug War Too Far? Current News Early Bird:6 April 9, 1998.
A proposed antidrug center would keep US troops in Panama after 1999 canal handover.

Larzelere, Alex CAPT Ret. Budget Problems Exacerbate an Old Problem: Having to Do More with Less. Sea Power 39:22-29 Almanac Issue January 1996.

Lee III, Rensselaer. "Dimensions of the South American Cocaine Industry." Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs. 30: No. 2/3 (Special Issue: Assessing the Americas' War on Drugs). 1988: 87-103.
Available online: subscription or university password may be required

Leech, Garry M. Killing Peace: Colombia's Conflict and the Failure of U.S. Intervention, Information Network of the Americas, New York, NY, 2002.

Lehmann, Gary C. Counterdrug Missions: A Tactical Perspective. Marine Corps Gazette 82:30-31 April 1998.

Lujan, Thomas R. Legal Aspects of Domestic Employment of the Army. Parameters 27:82-97 Autumn 1997.
Civilian law enforcement, pp 85-88.
Available at: http://carlisle-www.army.mil/usawc/Parameters/97autumn/lujan.htm

Manwaring, Max G. "Security in the Americas: Neither Evolution nor Devolution-Impasse," Strategic Studies Institute, Carlisle, PA, (March 2004).
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Mabry, Donald J. Military Drug Interdiction in the Caribbean. Conflict Quarterly 13:46-54 Spring 1993.

Mack, James (Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs). "Official testimony at congressional hearing concerning Plan Colombia," (June 28, 2001).
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Mendel, William W.(Col,USA,Ret) and Munger, Murl D.(Col,USA,Ret). Drug Threat: Getting Priorities Straight. Parameters 27:110-124 Summer 1997.
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Newman, Richard J. A Timeout in the Military's War on Drugs. U.S. News & World Report 123:40 August 4 1997.
The Pentagon reviews its counterdrug policy, focusing on the question of whether the payoff from its ground reconnaissance strategy is worth the risk to civilians.

Novak, Robert D. "Who Lost Colombia?" Current News Early Bird:15-16 April 9, 1998.
Narcotics-financed leftist guerrillas now control 40 percent of Colombia.

Pastor, Robert A., "George Bush and Latin America: The Pragmatic Style and the Regionalist Option," en Kenneth Oye, R. Lieber y D. Rothchild, eds., Eagle in a New World. American
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Perl, Raphael, "The US Congress, International Drug Policy, and the Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1988," Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs, Vol. 30, Nos. 2-3, 1988:133-160.
Available online: subscription or university password may be required

Perl, Raphael, "United States Andean Drug Policy: Background and Issues for Decisionmakers," Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs, Vol. 34, No. 3, 1992:13-37.
Available online: subscription or university password may be required

Perl, Raphael F. "United States International Drug Policy: Recent Developments and Issues (in The Drug Trade Revisited)." Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs. 32: 4. 1990: 123-135.
Available online: subscription or university password may be required

Reich, Otto J. "U.S. Assistance to Colombia and the Andean Region," Testimony Before the House International Relations Committee, Subcommittee on the Western Hemisphere. Washington DC, April 11, 2002.
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Rempe, Dennis M. 1999. "An American Trojan Horse? Eisenhower, Latin America, and
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Riccardelli, Richard F. Waging Limited War on Drugs: New Strategy for the Nineties. Military Review 74:25-30 October 1994.

Schnaubelt, Christopher M. Interagency Command and Control: Planning for Counterdrug Support. Military Review 76:16-24 September-October 1996.

Seccombe, Ralph. Troublesome Boomerang: Illicit Drug Policy and Security. Security Dialogue 28:287-299 September 1997.
Article seeks to describe important characteristics of the illicit drug industry, which drive the process through the demands of drug users. Argues that current drug policies, which are prohibitionist in character and which are implemented in large-scale law-enforcement activity, have harmful effects on both producer and consumer countries.

Sensor Network Clamps Cap on Drug Smuggling. Signal 51:23-24 October 1996.

Serafino, Nina M. "Colombia: Conditions and U.S. Policy Options," CRS Report to Congress (May 4, 2000).
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Sharpe, Kenneth E. The Military, the Drug War and Democracy in Latin America: What Would Clausewitz Tell Us? Small Wars and Insurgencies 4:56-86 Winter 1993.

Shear, Wayne G. Drug War: Applying the Lessons of Vietnam. Naval War College Review 47:110-124 Summer 1994.

Shifter, Michael and Jennifer Stillerman. "U.S. Human Rights Policy Toward Colombia." In Liang Fenton, Debra, ed., Implementing U.S. Human Rights Policy: Agendas, Policies, and Practices, United States Institute of Peace Press, Washington, D.C., (2004): 331-360.
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Steele, Dennis. Fighting the War on Drugs. Army 47:58-61+ September 1997.

Stokes, Doug. "Why the End of the Cold War Doesn't Matter: the U.S. War of Terror in Colombia," Review of International Studies, 29,4, (October 2003): 569-585.

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Tudor, Thomas S. M. and Garrard, Mark E. The Military and the War on Drugs. Air Force Law Review 37:267-280 1994.

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Watkins, Steven. Air War on Drugs. Air Force Times 56:12-15 July 15 1996.

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Zirnite, Peter. The Militarization of the Drug War in Latin America. Current History 97:166-173 April 1998.
Security assistance is the primary tool for US forces waging the drug war abroad, and these forces train foreign troops in counternarcotics operations. Many in DOD remain critical of the military's involvement in the drug war.

Bunch, Jason Michael. United States Military Law Enforcement Use in Narcotics Interdiction: A Test of the Posse Comitatus Law . Vermillion,SD: University of South Dakota, 1995.

DEA, Intelligence Division. Colombian Economic Reform: The Impact of Drug Money Laundering within the Colombian Economy, U. S. Department of Justice, Washington D. C., 1994.

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Menzel, Sewall H. Fire in the Andes: U. S. Foreign Policy and Cocaine Politics in Bolivia and Peru. Lanham, MD, University Press of America, 1996.

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Beaty, Douglas R. National Drug Control Strategy: Strategic Analysis. Carlisle Barracks, PA, Army War College, April 1996.

Berger, Alexander (Capt, USAF). Organizational Innovation and Redesign in the Information Age: The Drug War, Netwar, and other Lower-End Conflict. Monterey, CA, Naval Postgraduate School, 1998.

Brophy, William S. (LtCol, USA). U. S. Army Aviation Participation in the Counterdrug Effort. Carlisle Barracks, PA, Army War College, March 1993.

Browning Judith A. (Col, USA). The Andean Strategy: America's Drug Bust? Carlisle Barracks, PA, Army War College, April 1992.

Builder, Carl H. Measuring the Leverage: Assessing Military Contributions to Drug Interdiction. Santa Monica, CA, RAND, 1993.

Burleson, Jean E. (LtCol, USA). The Role of the Department of Defense and the Army in the War on Drugs. Carlisle Barracks, PA, Army War College, March 1993.

Burnett, Paul C. A Historical Analysis of the Posse Comitatus Act and Its Implications for the Future. University of South Carolina, 1996.

Carlson, Gary C. ( LtCol, USA). Lost in the Drug Wars: Time for a New Paradigm. Carlisle Barracks, PA, Army War College, February 1993.

Chicoine, E. Mark. ( LCDR, USN). National Drug Control Strategy: Guidance Determines the Level of Involvement for the Department of Defense. Newport, RI, Naval War College. March 1996

Cook, Stephen K. Campaign Planning, Or Lack of Campaign Planning, and the "Drug War". Carlisle Barracks, PA, Army War College, April 1992.

Corcoran, Kimberly J. (Maj,USAF). DOD Involvement in the Counterdrug Effort. Maxwell AFB, AL, Air Command and Staff College, 1997.
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Cruz, Luis A. The Use of Operational Design and Intelligence in a Joint Task Force Environment to Fight the War on Drugs. Newport, RI, Naval War College, June 1996.

Curry, Stephen J. (LtCol, USA). Reshaping the Military Role in the Drug War. Carlisle Barracks, PA, Army War College, April 1993.

Cutting, Richard B. (LCDR, USN). The U. S. Andean Drug Strategy: Why It is Failing in Peru. Monterey, CA, Naval Postgraduate School, December 1993.

de la Pena, Sergio (Maj, USA). Analysis of the Execution of Counter-Drug Strategy in Bolivia Using the Low Intensity Conflict Imperatives. Fort Leavenworth, KS, Army Command and General Staff College, June 1992.

DeBow, William Weir (Lt, USN). The Third Fleet Surface Warfare Officer's Guide to Joint Counter-Drug Operations. Monterey, CA, Naval Postgraduate School, June 1993

DeMayo, Michael F., III. Counternarcotics Campaign Planning: A Basis for Success or a Malaise for the Military? Ft. Leavenworth, KS, Army Command and General Staff College, May 1992

Drug Control: Increased Interdiction and Its Contribution to the War on Drugs. Washington, General Accounting Office, February 1993.

Duignan, Robert E. U.S. Air Force Reserve Role in Drug Enforcement. Washington, DC, Industrial College of the Armed Forces, 1992. 22 p.
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Hamilton, Paul. Command and Control in the Drug War: Providing the Reins. Maxwell AFB, AL, Air War College, May 1990.

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Holmes, Timmie D. The Drug War: Victory or Defeat. Carlisle Barracks, PA, Army War College, April 1992.

Howard, Gerald G. Military Support of Drug Traffic Interdiction: Is It Working? Fort Leavenworth, KS, Army Command and General Staff College, June 1994.

Johnson, Harry E. Sr. (Maj, USA). Against All Enemies: Using Counter Drug Operations to Train for Infantry Wartime Missions. Fort Leavenworth, Army Command and General Staff College, 1992

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Mackiewicz, Thomas L. (LtCol, USA). The Role of the U.S. Military in the Drug War: A Litmus for the Proper Application of Resources. Carlisle Barracks, PA, Army War College, April 1993.

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Masiero, David A. A Critical Assessment of the Effectiveness of the US Customs Service/US Coast Guard/Department of Defense in Joint Counternarcotics Air Interdiction. Newport, RI, Naval War College, June 1992.

Mason, Bradley (Maj, USA). Interagency Cooperation in the War on Drugs: Can Campaign Planning Be the Unifying Factor? Fort Leavenworth, KS, Army Command and General Staff College, April 1992.

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U.S. Congress. House. "U.S. Policy and Programs in Colombia," Testimony of Roger F. Noriega, Assistant Secretary of the Bureau of Western Hemisphere Affairs, Committee on Government Reform, Washington, D.C., (June 17, 2004).
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